We stock a wide variety of Nickel Alloys. Please call for more details on our stocking program.
We stock a wide variety of Nickel Alloys. Please call for more details on our stocking program.
Alloy 59, developed by ThyssenKrupp VDM GmbH, is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy with a very lower carbon and silicon content. Alloy 59 has excellent corrosion resistance to wide range of corrosive media and high mechanical strength, so widely used in an assortment of harsh environments.
UNS No. | Ni | Cr | C | Fe | Mo | Co | Mn | Si | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min. | N106059 | Bal. | 22.0 | - | - | 15.0 | - | - | - | Ai 0.1-0.4 |
max. | 24.0 | 0.01 | 1.5 | 16.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
Alloy 59 can be readily formed using various cold and hot working processes.
Details to see “FABRICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR HIGH-ALLOYED AUSTENITIC STEELS AND NICKEL ALLOYS”
Alloy 59 can be joined to itself and to many other metals by conventional welding processes. These include GTAW (TIG), plasma arc, GMAW (MIG/MAG and MAG-Tandem) and SMAW (MMA). Pulsed arc welding is the preferred technique. For the MAG processes, the use of a multi-component shielding gas (Ar+He+H2+CO2) is recommended.
For welding, alloy59 should be in the annealed condition and be free from scale, grease and markings.
Alloy 330 is an austenitic nickel-iron-chromium alloy developed to provide excellent resistance to carburizing and oxidizing atmospheres at elevated temperatures.
UNS No. | Ni | Cr | C | Fe | Si | Mn | S | P | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min. | N08330 | 34.0 | 18.0 | 0.04 | Bal. | 1.0 | - | - | - | Cu1.0 max. |
max. | 37.0 | 20.0 | 0.08 | 1.50 | 2.0 | 0.030 | 0.030 |
Alloy 330 can be readily formed using various cold and hot working processes.
Details to see “FABRICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR HIGH-ALLOYED AUSTENITIC STEELS AND NICKEL ALLOYS”
Alloy 330 can be readily welded to a variety of dissimilar metals by GTAW, SMAW, and plasma arc processes. For optimum corrosion resistance GTAW is preferred. Prior to welding, the material should be in the annealed condition.
Alloy 400 is a single-phase solid-solution nickel-copper alloy that offers superior resistance to many corrosive environments over a temperature range from subzero to 800°F (426°C).
UNS No. | Ni | Cu | C | Mn | Si | Fe | Al | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min. | N04400 | 63.0 | 28.0 | - | - | 1.0 | - | S0.02 (max) |
|
max. | 70.0 | 34.0 | 0.16 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 0.5 |
Alloy 400 can be readily formed using various cold and hot working processes.
Details to see “FABRICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR HIGH-ALLOYED AUSTENITIC STEELS AND NICKEL ALLOYS”
Alloy 400 can be joined to itself and to many other metals by conventional welding processes. These include conventional or hot wire GTAW (TIG), plasma arc, GMAW (MIG/MAG) and SMAW (MMA). Pulsed arc welding is the preferred technique. For the MAG processes the use of a multi-component shielding gas (Ar+He+H2+CO2) is recommended.
For welding, alloy400 should be in the soft-annealed or stress relieved condition and be free from scale, grease and markings.
Alloy 600 is nickel-chromium-iron alloy with excellent carburization and good oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures.
UNS No. | Ni | Cr | C | Fe | Mn | Si | Cu | S | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min. | N06600 | 72.0 | 14.0 | - | 6.0 | - | - | Ti0.3 (max) |
||
max. | 17.0 | 0.15 | 10.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.015 |
Alloy600 can be readily formed using various cold and hot working processes.
Details to see “FABRICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR HIGH-ALLOYED AUSTENITIC STEELS AND NICKEL ALLOYS”
Alloy600 can be joined to itself and to many other metals by conventional welding processes. These include GTAW (TIG), plasma arc, GMAW (MIG/MAG) and SMAW(MMA). Pulsed arc welding is the preferred technique. For the MAG process the use of a multi-component shielding gas(Ar+He+H2+CO2) is recommended. For welding, alloy600 should be in the annealed condition and be free from scale, grease and marks.
Alloy 601H is a solid solution strengthened nickel-chromium-iron alloy with additions of aluminium and titanium.
UNS No. | Ni | Cr | C | Fe | Mn | Si | Cu | Al | Ti | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min. | N06601 | 58.0 | 21.0 | - | Bla. | - | - | - | 1.0 | 0.30 | P0.020 & S0.015 (max) |
max. | 63.0 | 25.0 | 0.10 | 1.50 | 0.50 | 1.0 | 1.70 | 0.50 |
Alloy 601H can be readily formed using various cold and hot working processes.
Details to see “FABRICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR HIGH-ALLOYED AUSTENITIC STEELS AND NICKEL ALLOYS”
Alloy 601H can be welded by the welding processes GTAW (TIG), plasma arc, GMAW (MAG) and SMAW (MMA). For the MAG process, the use of the shielding gas Cronigon HT is recommended.
For welding, alloy601HH should be in the solution-annealed condition and be free from scale, grease and markings.
Alloy 617 is a nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloy with an exceptional combination of metallurgical stability, strength, and oxidation resistance at high temperatures and excellent cyclic oxidation and carburization resistance up to 2000° F due to solid solution hardening.
UNS No. | Ni | Cr | C | Fe | Co | Mo | Cu | Al | Ti | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min. | N06617 | - | 20.0 | 0.05 | - | 10.0 | 8.0 | - | 0.8 | - | B0.006 (max) |
max. | 44.5 | 24.0 | 0.15 | 3.0 | 15.0 | 10.0 | 0.50 | 1.5 | 0.60 |
Alloy 617 can be readily formed using various cold and hot working processes.
Details to see “FABRICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR HIGH-ALLOYED AUSTENITIC STEELS AND NICKEL ALLOYS”
Alloy 617 can be joined to itself and to many other metals by conventional welding processes. These include GTAW (TIG), plasma arc, GMAW (MIG/MAG), electron beam welding and SMAW(MMA). Pulsed arc welding is the preferred technique.
For welding, alloy 617 should be in the annealed condition and be free from scale, grease and markings.
Alloy 625 is a low carbon nickel-chromium-molybdenum-niobium alloy which shows excellent resistance to a variety of corrosive media.
UNS No. | Ni | Cr | C | Fe | Mo | Nb+Ta | Co | Mn | Si | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min. | N06625 | 58.0 | 20.0 | - | - | 8.0 | 3.15 | - | - | - | Ti0.40 & Al0.40 (max) |
max. | 23.0 | 0.10 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 4.15 | 1.0 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Alloy 625 can be readily formed using various cold and hot working processes.
Details to see “FABRICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR HIGH-ALLOYED AUSTENITIC STEELS AND NICKEL ALLOYS”
Alloy 625 can be joined to itself and to many other metals by conventional welding processes. These include GTAW (TIG), plasma arc, GMAW (MIG/MAG and MAG-Tandem), SAW and SMAW(MMA). Pulsed arc welding is the preferred technique. For the MAG processes the use of a multi-component shielding gas(Ar+He+H2+CO2) is recommended. For welding, Alloy 625 should be in the annealed condition and be free from scale, grease and marks.
Alloy 800H is an austenitic high-strength solid-solution nickel-iron-chromium alloy designed for high temperature structure applications. Alloy 800HT has controlled levels of carbon, aluminium, titanium, silicon and manganese and controlled content of (Al + Ti).
UNS No. | Ni | Cr | C | Fe | Mn | Si | Cu | Al | Ti | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min. | N08810 | 30.0 | 19.0 | 0.06 | Bla. | 0.50 | 0.20 | - | 0.20 | 0.20 | Al+Ti0.7 (max) |
max. | 32.0 | 22.0 | 0.08 | 1.50 | 0.70 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.50 |
Alloy 800H is widely used as a material for industrial furnaces and it is the workhorse of the petrochemical industry:
Alloy 800H can be readily formed using various cold and hot working processes.
Details to see “FABRICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR HIGH-ALLOYED AUSTENITIC STEELS AND NICKEL ALLOYS”
Alloy 800H can be joined to itself and to many other metals by conventional welding processes. These include GTAW (TIG), plasma arc, GMAW (MIG/MAG) and SMAW(MMA). Pulsed arc welding is the preferred technique. For MAG welding the use of a multi-component shielding gas
(Ar+He+H2+CO2) is recommended.
For welding, alloy 800H should be in the solution annealed condition and be free from scale, grease and markings.
Alloy 825 is a nickel-chromium alloy with additions of molybdenum and copper. It has excellent resistance to both reducing and oxidizing acids, to stress corrosion
cracking, and is especially resistant to sulfuric and phosphoric acids.
UNS No. | Ni | Cr | C | Fe | Mn | Si | Cu | Mo | Ti | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min. | N08825 | 38.0 | 19.5 | - | Bla. | 1.5 | 2.5 | 0.6 | Al0.2 (max) |
||
max. | 46.0 | 23.5 | 0.025 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 1.2 |
Alloy 825 can be readily formed using various cold and hot working processes.
Details to see “FABRICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR HIGH-ALLOYED AUSTENITIC STEELS AND NICKEL ALLOYS”
Alloy 825 can be joined to itself and to many other metals by conventional welding processes. These include GTAW (TIG), plasma arc, GMAW (MIG/MAG) and SMAW (MMA). Pulsed arc welding is the preferred technique. For the MAG process the use of a multi-component shielding gas (Ar + He + H2 + CO2) is recommended.
For welding, alloy 825 should be in the annealed condition and be free from scale, grease and markings.
Alloy C-276 is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy containing tungsten and extremely low carbon and silicon contents. It is characterised excellent corrosion resistance in an assortment of harsh environments.
UNS No. | Ni | Cr | C | Fe | Mo | W | Mn | Si | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min. | N10276 | Bal. | 14.5 | - | 4.0 | 15.0 | 3.0 | - | - | max. 2.5Co |
max. | 16.5 | 0.010 | 7.0 | 17.0 | 4.5 | 1.0 | 0.08 |
AlloyC-276 can be readily formed using various cold and hot working processes.
Details to see “FABRICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR HIGH-ALLOYED AUSTENITIC STEELS AND NICKEL ALLOYS”
AlloyC-276 can be joined to itself and to many other metals by conventional welding processes. These include GTAW (TIG), plasma arc, GMAW (MIG/MAG and MAG-Tandem) and SMAW (MMA). Pulsed arc welding is the preferred technique. For the MAG processes the use of a multi-component shielding gas (Ar+He+H2+CO2) is recommended.
High-alloyed austenitic steels and nickel-base alloys can be worked by all the conventional forming and machining processes. However, they are often more cost-intensive than in the case of the conventional structural steels, and this should be appropriately taken into account in the cost calculation.
The term “cold working” is refer to the forming process which is carried out at room temperature or at well below the recrystallization temperature.
1.1 Cold working
Austenitic stainless steels and nickel-base alloys may be readily cold-worked, provided that the specific material properties are taken into consideration.
Maximum permitted deformation in cold working without heat treatment
Cold working alters the mechanical properties of the materials.
Normally for nickel alloys, cold working up to 15 % deformation is permitted without subsequent heat treatment. In individual cases, though, depending on the material and the duty heat treatment may be necessary even if the degree of deformation is £ 15 %, e.g. when using solution heat treated high-temperature alloys. In other cases, a higher degree of deformation may be permitted without heat treatment, especially if no welding is to be carried out in the zone of deformation.
Tools and machinery
Forming of austenitic chrome-nickel steels and nickel-base alloys is very often carried out with the same tools, fixtures and machines that are used for forming of mild steels. Extraneous ferrite particles on the surface of these tools lead in service to corrosive attack which may destroy the component’s passive layer and thus locally decrease the corrosion resistance. Care should therefore be taken that tools, supports and the like are cleaned to such an extent that no abraded particles of mild steel are carried onto the high-alloyed work pieces.
The product-side surfaces of the finished components should be checked for absence of ferrite, or pickled and passivated, before delivery / entry into service.
1.2 Hot working
Hot working is carried out in a range between the recrystallization temperature and the solidus temperature. As a result, the resistance to deformation is greatly reduced and the forces required to work the material are correspondingly lower.
The following table shows, by way of example, the hot working and heat treatment temperatures for a number of materials and nickel-base alloys.
Alloy | Hot working temperature oC | Solution heat treatment temperature oC | Soft annealing temperature oC |
926 | 900 – 1200 | 1150 – 1180 | — |
400 | 800 – 1200 | — | 700 – 900 |
800H | 900 – 1200 | 1150 – 1200 | — |
825 | 900 – 1150 | — | 920 – 980 |
600 | 900 – 1200 | (1080 – 1150) | 920 – 1000 |
601 | 900 – 1200 | (1100 – 1180) | 920 – 980 |
617 | 950 – 1200 | 1150 – 1200 | — |
625 | 900 – 1200 | — | 950 – 1050 |
330 | 950 – 1180 | 1020 – 1120 | — |
C-276 | 950 – 1200 | 1100 – 1160 | — |
59 | 950 – 1180 | 1100 – 1180 | — |
During hot working, care should be taken that deformation proceeds as uniformly as possible so as to prevent the formation of an inhomogeneous grain structure. In addition, for low degrees of deformation (£ 30 % approx.), the forming temperature should be as close as possible to the lower limit in order to prevent coarse-grain growth. For higher degrees of deformation (> 30 % approx.), the higher temperatures are recommended.
After every hot working operation, heat treatment should be carried out in accordance with the mill product manufacturer’s instructions. Details with regard to heat control are described in the section Heat treatment.
After hot working, the component should undergo heat treatment. After cold working, heat treatment may be unnecessary. The question of whether a finished component should be heat-treated should be settled with the client in each specific case, unless laid down in codes and specifications.
Heating
Work pieces must be clean and free from all kinds of contaminants before and during any heat treatment. Nickel alloys may become impaired if heated in the presence of contaminants such as sulphur, phosphorus, lead and other low-melting-point metals. Sources of such contaminants include marking and temperature-indicating paints and crayons, lubricating grease and fluids and fuels. Fuels must be as low in sulphur as possible. Natural gas should contain less than 0.1 wt.-% sulphur. Fuel oils with a sulphur content not exceeding 0.5 wt.-% are suitable. Due to their close control of temperature and freedom from contamination, thermal treatments in electric furnaces under vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere are to be preferred.
Treatments in an air atmosphere and alternatively in gas-fired furnaces are acceptable though, if contaminants are at low levels so that a neutral or slightly oxidizing furnace atmosphere is attained. A furnace atmosphere fluctuating between oxidizing and reducing must be avoided as well as direct flame impingement on the metal.
Work pieces made from materials with a high alloying content of molybdenum should be heated up rapidly. For heating, they should therefore be placed in a furnace which has already been heated to the desired temperature. Such materials include the 6% Mo steels and alloys 625, C-4, C-276 and 59
When the desired temperature has been reached, the following holding time is recommended as a guide:
For work piece thicknesses up to s = 10 mm 3 min/mm
For work piece thicknesses up to s = 10 – 20 mm: 30 min plus 2 min/mm for
thicknesses > 10 mm
For work piece thicknesses s = >20 mm: 50 min plus 1 min/min for
thicknesses > 20 mm
Cooling of high-molybdenum austenitic stainless steels and nickel-base alloys should be carried out rapidly so as to prevent undesirable precipitation. Delayed cooling, e.g. in the furnace, should be avoided at all costs, as this lead to the formation of precipitates, chiefly in the regions close to the grain boundary. Such precipitates may adversely affect both the corrosion resistance and the toughness properties of the material.
Proven results are obtained with a cooling rate of ³ 150 °C/min from the material-specific solution heat treatment temperature down to approx. 500 °C.
Heat treatment temperatures for a number of materials and nickel-base alloys
Alloy | Solution heat treatment temperature oC | Soft annealing temperature oC |
926 | 1150 – 1180 | — |
400 | — | 700 – 900 |
800H | 1150 – 1200 | — |
825 | — | 920 – 980 |
600 | (1080 – 1150) | 920 – 1000 |
601 | (1100 – 1180) | 920 – 980 |
617 | 1150 – 1200 | — |
625 | — | 950 – 1050 |
330 | 1020 – 1120 | — |
C-276 | 1100 – 1160 | — |
59 | 1100 – 1180 | — |
In the case of components for wet-chemical service made from stainless steels and nickel-base alloys, it is usually necessary to remove the oxides formed during heat treatment.
For components intended for high-temperature service, the need for abrasive blasting/pickling should be agreed with the client.
As the oxides adhere very strongly in the case of the higher-nickel materials, it is advisable to blast-clean the components with a suitable grit or with glass beads or to grind them with, for instance, 80 grit mop wheels prior to pickling.
Pickling is best carried out with commercial pickling pastes or by immersion in a pickling bath consisting of approx. 15-22 % nitric acid and approx. 2-3 % hydrofluoric acid.
Immersion times at room temperature (examples):
– Cr-Ni steels 2 – 8 hours
– Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe alloys 8 – 24 hours
– Ni and Ni-Cu alloys 10 – 15 minutes
– Ni-Mo alloys 8 – 10 minutes
If the technical requirements, e.g. fume extraction, are met, it is recommended to increase the temperature of the bath to approx. 40 °C. This shortens the pickling time considerably.
The immersion time depends on the material, the oxide thickness and the temperature and should be tested at the start of the work.
In particular, the high-temperature materials with a fairly high C content as well as NiMo and NiCu alloys with a low Cr content are sensitive to over-pickling.
Any oxide still adhering after pickling should be removed with a chrome-nickel wire brush. The pickling operation should be repeated if necessary.
A high work-hardening rate and toughness and poor thermal conductivity are the main criteria applying to these materials. In machining, they should be taken into account by means of the following measures:
These working instructions have been compiled to the best of our knowledge, but no liability can be accepted for any errors.
When welding high grade stainless steels & nickel-base alloys, the following instructions should be adhered to:
Workplace
The workplace should be in a separate location, well away from the areas where carbon steel fabrication takes place. Maximum cleanliness and avoidance of draughts are paramount.
Auxiliaries, clothing
Clean fine leather gloves and clean working clothes should be used.
Tools and machinery
Tools used for nickel-base alloys and stainless steels must not be used for other materials. Brushes should be made of stainless material. Fabricating and working machinery such as shears, presses or rollers should be fitted with means (felt, cardboard, plastic sheet) of avoiding contamination of the metal with ferrous particles, which can be pressed into the surface and thus lead to corrosion.
Cleaning
Cleaning of the base metal in the weld area (both sides) and of the filler metal (e. g. welding rod) should be carried out with acetone.
Trichlorethylene (TRI), perchlorethylene (PER), and carbon tetrachloride (TETRA) must not be used.
Edge preparation
This should preferably be done by mechanical means, i. e. turning, milling or planing; plasma cutting is also possible. However, in the latter case the cut edge (the face to be welded) must be finished off cleanly. Careful grinding without overheating is permissible.
Welding process
Different alloy applies different welding processes.